The major problem of the current market economy is absence of appropriate mathematical description of processes taking place in it, which results in misunderstanding of these processes, as well as lack of efficient means of preventing economic crises. The manuscripts suggests such a mathematical description, making use of the circumstance that the 'black box' of market economy has the corresponding 'white box', which turned out to be the processes well known in radio-electronics. This approach allowed proving that the current market economy, due to the significant influence of the human factor, is described with parametric differential equations with random coefficients, the solutions of which are also random functions of time. Therefore, it is basically unpredictable and uncontrollable, which makes economic crises inevitable. In order for the economy to become crisis-proof, it has to be reformed. We suggest using the new economic tools which allow solving the problem. Here belong business-interfaces that can neutralize the internal human factor, and the new global/regional information network TV•net, which is completely free from the shortcomings of the Internet and is able to neutralize the external human factor. It is shown that after the implementation of reforms suggested in the manuscript economics will become an exact science able to successfully solve the tasks of analysis and synthesis of economic structures, the tasks of their simulation and improvement, as well as regulation of the economy in general. The new economy will become crisis-proof and rapidly developing.

This study examined and appraised the use of Educational Technology in secondary schools in Ondo State South West, Nigeria. The study investigated the level of availability of Educational Technology facilities in schools, attitude of teachers toward educational technology, the perceived benefits of using Educational Technology, the problems facing the use of Educational Technology in secondary schools and Application of Educational Technology in schools by teachers. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population consisted of all the teachers and principals of the secondary schools in Ondo State. The sample consists of 400 teachers and 40 principals randomly selected from the secondary schools in Ondo State. A self designed questionnaire tagged Educational Technology and Secondary Schools (ETSS) was used to collect the data for the study. Data collected for the study were analyzed using frequency count, percentage scores, mean and charts. The study revealed that Educational Technology facilities were lacking in schools and teachers and students were to a little extent exposed to the use of Educational Technology. Moreover, the study revealed the perceived benefits of using Educational Technology in schools which include making teaching-learning interesting; helping the distance learning program; Educational technology provide for individual differences; Educational technology makes teaching efficient and effective. However, despite these perceived benefits, the study also revealed some of the challenges facing Educational technology in secondary schools as: Epileptic supply of electricity: misconception of right concept of educational technology; Shortage of specialist in educational technology; inadequate facilities to support full application of educational technology and lack of fund. It was therefore recommended that government should increase the funding of the education sector. There should also be periodic training for teachers on educational technology skills acquisition.

Grid computing, a new and broad area of research, aims at sharing available information and resources through the use of computers over the network. To use the new applications of grid, it is necessary to adapt the modern software components and assembled information resources in a flexible format. Web services incorporate the necessary capabilities in achieving this goal called grid services. Due to the exponentially increasing amount of data, documents, resources and services available on the web, finding an acceptable agreement between the user and the abilities of web or grid service as well as forming an appropriate composition of service components for performing requested operation are critical issues. Measuring the similarity of services is an important and valuable solution that is used in some practical reasoning such as replacement of a service with another and combination of services and applications. Also, because the measuring the service similarity needs an appropriate semantic model, therefore, in this paper a semantic model based on OWL ontology language for services is presented and thus, similarity measure is provided. We find a semantic model for services and then provide a method for measuring the similarity between two services. A mathematical model for solving given problems is also proposed. The results evaluated by F1 measure obviously show the improvement of accuracy against previous method.

In this paper, the stability of general impulsive retarded functional differential equations with any time delay has been considered. Many evolution processes are characterized by the fact that at certain moments of time they experience a change of state abruptly. Consequently, it is natural to assume that these perturbations act instantaneously, that is, in the form of impulses. Impulsive differential equations, that is, differential equations involving impulse effects, are a natural description of observed evolution phenomena of several real world problems. Impulsive control which based on impulsive differential equations has attracted the interest of many researchers recently. The method of Lyapunov functions and Razumikhin technique have been widely applied to stability analysis of various delay differential equation. When Lyapunov functions are used, it becomes necessary to choose an appropriate minimal class of functionals relative to which the derivative of the Lyapunov function is estimated. This approach is known as the Lyapunov–Razumikhin technique. When Lyapunov functionals are used the corresponding derivative can be estimated without demanding minimal classes of functional. By using Lyapunov functions and analysis technique along with Razumikhin technique, some results for the uniform stability of such impulsive differential equations have been derived. The obtained results extend and generalize some results existing in the literature.

Fouling problems cannot be avoided in many heat exchanger operations, and it is necessary to introduce defensive measures to minimize fouling and the cost of cleaning. The fouling control measures used during either design or operation must be subjected to a thorough economic analysis, taking into consideration all the costs of the fouling control measures and their projected benefits in reducing costs due to fouling. Under some conditions, nearly asymptotic fouling resistances can be obtained, and this suggests a somewhat different approach to the economics. Fouling is a generic term for the deposition of foreign matter on a heat transfer surface. Deposits accumulating in the small channels of a compact heat exchanger affect both heat transfer and fluid flow. Fouling deposits constricting passages in a compact heat exchanger are likely to increase the pressure drop and therefore reduce the flow rate. Reduced flow rate may be a process constraint; it reduces efficiency and increases the associated energy use and running costs. Maintenance costs will also increase. Fouling remains the area of greatest concern for those considering the installation of compact heat exchangers. The widespread installation of compact heat exchangers has been hindered by the perception that the small passages are more strongly affected by the formation of deposits. In this paper different types of fouling and treatment are presented.

The climate variability has affected pejoratively the groundwater recharge in Soubre area. Thus, the simulation of surface flows is an answer to the problematic of water supply in the area. The aim of this study is the simulation of surface flows in Debo catchment by estimating flood flows. The methodology is based on the application of morphological transfer function (MTF) of DEMIURGE software (Digital Elevation Model In Urgency). It consisted of the determination of fractal parameters related to water systems, the estimation of maximum flow at the outlet, the study of the sensitivity of the simulated hydrographs based on the simulation time step. The results show that the reference time is t = 20 minutes. For simulation times different from t = 20 minutes, the geomorphologic pulse histograms (GPH) do not fit the times transfer frequency histogram. The specific flow at the outlet of the catchment is 3.394 m3.s-1 for a rise time of 31.33 hours under the assumption of a uniform effective rainfall of 1 mm. The maximum flows simulated evolve with the rainfall blade and the rushed water. For a blade of 188.08 mm past, the maximum flow rate is at least 634.111 m3.s-1. For a rise time of 33 h 20 minutes, the volumes assessed are estimated at 1.06.108 m3.

The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) and empirically examine their effects on the growth of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries. This relationship has largely been analyzed in the economic literature. The results are mixed, some of the theoretical and empirical studies have shown that there is no positive relationship between FDI and economic growth, while others have found that FDI affect positively and significantly the long-run economic growth. Indeed, AMU countries have developed in recent years, an economic policy aimed at promoting the development of their economy. In these economies, FDI is considered as a key factor towards progress in economic sectors. This type of external funding has shown an increasing trend over time; however, the achievements of AMU countries in attracting FDI are still low compared to their potential and their performance to attract more foreign investments. In this paper, we use a dynamic panel system GMM estimator to study the determinants and the growth effects of FDI in three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) during the period 1980-2010. Our empirical investigation suggests that, under particular economic and financial conditions, such as the adoption of an export promotion trade regime, restoring international competitiveness and diversification of exports, foreign direct investment affects positively the growth rate in the long run and improves the economic situation in AMU countries.

The crisis has thrown the disorder on the effectiveness of the monetary policies. Indeed, the intensity of the financial crisis and the downward pressure it exerted on price stability has prompted many central banks to fix their interest rate at levels historically low. In September, the Federal Reserve conducts a decline in its rate to reach in December 2008, a floor close to zero, The Central Bank, for its part, has begun the process of falling interest rates in October 2008; which is continued until reaching a rate of 0.75% in July 2012. In a crisis, the fixation of the interest rate by the Central bank which is close to the 0% it is essential in order to stimulate economic activity, but, once the floor is reached, the risk of liquidity trap occurs, this leads monetary authorities to rethink their monetary policy and resort to others means of action other than further decline in interest rates. The purpose of this communication is to know whether the adoption by the central banks (European Central Bank and Federal Reserve case) of unconventional monetary policies, especially the policy of quantitative easing, has it enabled expansion of loans to households and finance companies, and therefore, contributed to an economic growth?

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The present study deals with the spatial and temporal variability of the climatic parameters and their consequence on the drying up of streams Bô and Débo and on the refill of the ground-water sheet in Soubré area. Methodology used is articulated around the study of the hydrological assessment according to Thornthwaite in the two catchments, the study of the seasonal and interannual variability of the climatic variables and the study of drying up by the determination of the coefficients of drying up and the mobilized volumes as well as their evolution. The hydrological assessment reveals that evapotranspiration is very active in the area of Soubré and has particularly contributed to reduce water resources of the area. Indeed, on the totality of rainfall, only 5.24% joined the underground network to refill the groundwater. The evolution of the curves of drying up reveals that, in Débo and Bô catchments, drying up lasts in general between 30 and 160 days. The coefficients of drying up in the both watersheds knew a rise of 1983 to 1991. Since 1991 there has been a relative decline in these coefficients. Thus, the coefficients of drying up continued to increase in recent years inversely with volumes participating in the reduction of water resources in the area and affecting in a pejorative way the groundwater refill.

Mount Nimba is one of the most famous sites for biodiversity conservation in West Africa because of it high level of richness. People are concerned about the decline of tropical forest ecosystems and the decrease or disappearance of animal species has been attributed mainly to the destruction of habitat through human activities. In Liberia, the iron ore that constitutes the mountain body on Mont Nimba is now exploited by Arcelor Mittal Company. In the framework of its impact assessment process, Arcelor Mittal asked for a bushmeat study in its mining concession. We conducted a hunter's survey to better understand the motivations of the town communities and the human – wildlife relationship. Then, the hunter's activities have been monitored to identify the animal species encountered in the game and to evaluate their local conservation status. The study reveals that all kind of wild animals in the area are considered to be potential prey and several species have been recorded in the hunting game. Through this study, it seems that many species are probably being driven or facing extinction in the area due mainly to agriculture and hunting activity; whereas in addition to hunting pressure, there are new threats to animals with mining activities and their direct and indirect consequences.

Polymeric phosphates in detergents are used widely in construction and hence have a significant concentration in the wastewater. Phosphate may result in sewage and industrial waste is waste from the body. Phosphate caused a rapid growth of aquatic plants such as algae and it is disturbing factor in the treatment processes. For example, concentrations in the range ppm 2/0 in order to reduce the turbidity of water contract will play the role of the intruder. Nitrogen gas (N2) and the primary component of natural gas and the atmosphere is extremely stable. Nitrogen is a component of proteins. Chlorophyll and Nitrogen also is found in many biological compounds. Nitrate fertilizers polluting groundwater and surface water sources are in nature. Presentation of the nitrate concentration in milligrams per liter (Mg NO3L) or milligrams per liter nitrogen as nitrate (Mg NO3-NL) has caused many problems and errors. There is no significant difference between the two units. The combination of infection for humans in Europe the nitrate directive committee row is non-toxic compounds. This paper examines the effects of phosphate and nitrate in the plant in ShahinShahr Use of water, steam Oil Refinery reviewed and analyzed and the results are listed at the end.

The study investigated the Challenges of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in secondary schools in Ondo state. It sought to find out the level of access to ICT among secondary school teachers and students. Also the study investigated the level of utilization of ICT for instructional purposes and the attitude of teachers and students towards ICT utilization of ICT in secondary schools. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The sample for the study consisted of 450 teachers randomly selected from two hundred and ninety six (296) secondary schools in the eighteen Local Government Areas of Ondo State. A combination of multistage, stratified and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample. A questionnaire titled "Challenges of information and communication technology for secondary schools teachers (CICTSST)" was designed and validated. The data obtained were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and bar chart. The result of the findings showed that: ICT facilities are not available in schools. Majority of the teachers and students do not have access to ICT. There are significant factors affecting the utilization of ICT for instructional purposes. The study also revealed that teachers show positive attitude toward utilization of ICT in teaching and learning.

This study investigated anaerobic co-digestion of cassava liquid waste (very acid and poor in nitrogen) and human urine. Three experimental digesters were used: manioc effluent; manioc effluent + urine; manioc effluent + urine + cow dung. All digesters have functioned with mesophilic temperatures between 24.0 and 35.6°C. Digesters without urine have a pH varying between 3 and 4 during experimentation. In reactors containing urine, the pH oscillated between 6.46 and 10.29. The COD/TKN ratios recorded in digesters buffered with human urine are lower than those observed in digester without human urine. Volume of gas produced by the two digesters containing human urine was significantly higher than that of the digester without urine. The additions of human urine and cow dung improve highly the methane potential during anaerobic co-digestion of manioc effluent. The flammability test is positive except for the digester without urine. Using human urine as a co-substrate for anaerobic digestion of cassava wastewater requires a large quantity of urine (40% in terms of proportion) for a best productivity. As well as allowing biogas production as a source of renewable energy, this system of co-digestion could help to resolve the sensitive problem of human excreta management in poor area. Indeed, human urine with an alkaline pH and richness in nitrogen can substitute chemicals commonly used to correct the pH during anaerobic biodigestion, in particular for the treatment of cassava wastewater which is very acid.

This study is made in order to establish a database, which can be used as reference value for the current contents in Heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the manganese and gold-bearing region of Blafo-Guéto at the Center-South part of Côte d'Ivoire. So, the soil Diagnosis based on the pedogeochemistry background, throuth two lines, the one on the hill Blafo, the other one on the hill Guéto, allowed to know that except the manganese (Mn) and the copper (Cu), the studied heavy metals, does not exceed the naturally indicated limit values and are thus polluted. These measured values are included between 0.2 to 1.9 mg.kg-1 for Cd, 12 to 56 mg.kg-1 for Cr, 25 to 299 mg.kg-1 for Cu, 6000 to 50000 mg.kg-1 for Mn, 13 to 38 mg.kg-1 for Ni, 13 to 49 mg.kg-1 for Pb and 25 to 110 mg.kg-1 for Zn. For As and Hg, the measured values are lower than 0.25 mg.kg-1 and, Only Mn and Cu indicated a geochemical anomaly, because exceeding the natural contents in soil. The ranking, in the decreasing order, from the geochemical anomaly to the lowest contents measured in the Blafo-Guéto soils, indicates that: Mn>Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd>As, Hg.